Rahma is 34 years old. She has three children, two of them with autism. She was ill when her husband's company went bankrupt, and it seemed to them that they had no economic solution to support their healthcare. 

"At that time, we were at the lowest point of our lives," she explains. "After I saw the caliphate declaration online, I became hooked. Someone who was already in Syria told me how the health facilities there were incredible: all free of charge and highly professional. My husband and I, we took out loans, sold our house and everything we had, gathered up our family and left."

They flew to Turkey and then crossed over the border to Raqqa with the help of a smuggler in the middle of the night. Rahma was carrying her one-year-old child. When she arrived, she was still very sick; a doctor in Raqqa examined her and told her she had to go to a hospital in Mosul, Iraq. It took about 8 hours for her to get there by road. The reality of what she saw when she arrived shocked her.

"I have never in my life seen such a hospital - no-one trying to keep wards clean and there was human waste scattered everywhere in the bathrooms."

A reality and risk for South-East Asian communities is the return of individuals and their families who left to fight in Iraq and Syria, or to live an imagined better life in the Caliphate. Many governments also face the prospect of releasing convicted terrorists from prison. Improved prison conditions and individualized approaches that involve working with families, communities and religious leaders will be essential in sustainably reducing the risk of further violence.